Which Shows The Area Controlled By The Toltec

The Toltec civilization flourished in ancient central Mexico between the 10th and mid-12th centuries. Continuing the Mesoamerican heritage left to them past earlier cultures, the Toltecs built an impressive capital at Tollan. Ultimately, they passed on that heritage to civilizations such as the Aztecs, who regarded the Toltecs as a smashing and prosperous civilization, even claiming descent from them.

About information on the Toltec comes from Aztec and Postal service-colonial texts documenting earlier oral traditions. Even so, these are by no ways consummate, and data tin exist coloured by the Aztec'due south particular reverence for all things Toltec and their please in merging myth with fact to help establish a lineage with these former masters. Nevertheless, a careful comparing with earlier Mayan texts and the surviving archaeological tape does permit for at least the master elements of this civilization to be outlined.

Origins & Spread

The Toltecs had roots in the Tolteca-Chichimeca people, who, during the 9th century, had migrated from the deserts of the north-west to Culhuacan in the Valley of Mexico. According to the Aztecs, the showtime Toltec leader was Ce Técpatl Mixcoatl (One Flint Cloud Serpent, i.eastward. the Galaxy), and his son Ce Acatl Topiltzin (One Reed Sacrificer, born in either 935 or 947) would go on to gain fame as a great ruler and acquire the name of the neat god Quetzalcoatl ('Feathered Serpent') amongst his titles.

The first settlement of the Toltecs was at Culhuacan, merely they later established a capital at Tollan (Tula).

The first settlement of the Toltecs was at Culhuacan, but they later established a capital at Tollan (or Tula, pregnant 'place of reeds', a general Mesoamerican phrase to apply to all big settlements). The city grew to an area of 14 km² and acquired a population of between 30,000 and 40,000. The heart of the city was laid out in a grid design and it is remarkably similar to the Mayan city of Chichen Itza. Intriguingly, the Maya also had a version of a cultural hero known as the 'Feathered Serpent', translated equally Kukulcan and contemporary with the Toltec Quetzalcóatl; this and architectural similarities, suggest that there was a close cultural link between the 2 civilizations.

Tollan

The Tollan of Aztec mythology was renowned for its sumptuous palaces and monumental buildings made from gold, jade, turquoise, and quetzal feathers. The city was also thought to have been flooded with wealth generated by the gifted Toltec craftsmen, highly skilled in metallurgy and pottery - so much so that their potters were said to have 'taught the clay to lie' (Coe, 156) and subsequently Aztec metallic-workers and jewellers were even known equally tolteca. The Toltecs were also credited with mastering nature and producing huge maize crops and natural coloured cotton of crimson, yellowish, green, and blueish. Unsurprisingly, post-obit centuries of looting, no artefacts survive to adjure this material wealth except indications that the Toltecs did do a major trade in obsidian (used for blades and arrowheads) which was mined from nearby Pachuca.

The archaeological site of Tollan, sitting on a limestone promontory, although not quite as splendid as the legend, yet, has an impressive number of surviving monuments. These include two large pyramids, a collonaded walkway, a big palace building, and two ball-courts, all surrounded by a dense surface area of urban housing. The domestic housing is arranged in groups of up to five flat-roofed residences with each group centred on a courtyard with a single altar and the whole surrounded by a wall.

Love History?

Sign upwardly for our free weekly email newsletter!

The Toltec were a warlike people, no dubiousness conquering surrounding tribes & imposing tribute without whatsoever concern for integration.

Surviving architectural sculpture on the pyramids includes large columns, each consisting of 4 drums, carved as warriors standing atop the 5 tiers of the 10 m high Pyramid B. The warriors would once have held upward a roof construction. The warriors are dressed ready for battle with a drum headdress and butterfly pectoral and each holds an atlatl or spear-thrower at their side. In add-on, feathered-snake columns survive from the original doorway. The warrior columns are near-identical and suggest sophisticated workshops capable of mass product.

Friezes run around the pyramids and a free-continuing 40 grand long L-shaped wall (known equally a coatepantli and a Toltec innovation). They show scenes with animals such as the jaguar, wolf, and coyote (symbols associated with a warlike people like the Toltecs), and cede (especially rattlesnakes and skeletons intertwined). In that location are too images of feathered creatures (perhaps jaguars) and eagles with hearts in their mouths.

Tollan also provides the first examples of chacmools, the reclining stone warriors clutching a vessel on their stomach to receive sacrificial offerings for the gods. These would get a common feature of temples in Mesoamerica. At Tollan they are positioned beside bench-thrones atop the pyramid temple.

Decline

What concluded the Toltec civilization's regional dominance is not known. A warlike people, no doubt conquering surrounding tribes and imposing tribute without whatsoever business concern for integration into the Toltec political and religious culture, the 'empire' may well have simply disintegrated when put nether the strain of such natural phenomena equally a sustained drought. Internal disputes may as well take led to the break up of the power structure, and this is hinted at in the legendary stories of battles between the gods Quetzalcoatl and Tezcatlipoca, intertwined with historical figures. What is more certain is that in the mid-12th century, Tollán shows signs of violent destruction; many architectural columns and statues were burnt and purposely buried and the site was systematically looted by the Aztecs. Led by the last Toltec leader Huemac, the remnants of the Toltec people re-settled at Chapultepec on the west banks of Lake Texcoco, an event traditionally dated either 1156 or 1168.

Legacy

The Toltec proper name carried a certain prestige and they were very highly regarded by the Maya and the Aztecs, in particular, who seem to take copied many aspects of Toltec religious practices and fine art and looked on the Toltec menstruation as a aureate era when such wonders as writing, medicine, and metallurgy were invented. These may well have been invented earlier and by others but more certain is the Toltec influence on architecture and sculpture. Images of recognisable deities at Tollan which would later appear in the Aztec pantheon include Centeotl, Xochiquetzal, Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli and the feathered serpent identified with Quetzalcoatl. Stone carvings of cuauhxicalli vessels and chacmools used in sacrifices and also tzompantli (skull racks) all attest to the influence the Toltecs would have on their more famous successors. In any example, any the actual legacy of the people of Tollan, for the Aztecs it was the Toltecs and no other that they sought to claim descent from, and the magnitude of their reverence and respect is evidenced in the Aztec expression Toltecayotl or 'to accept a Toltec middle' which meant to exist worthy and to excel in all things.

This commodity has been reviewed for accuracy, reliability and adherence to academic standards prior to publication.